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Pilot-aided channel estimation allows the receiver to acquire channel state information (CSI) for each multicarrier block by multiplexing data and pilot symbols in the same block, as long as they can be decoupled. This work proposes several frequency-domain pilot multiplexing techniques to enable independent channel estimation and detection at the receiver for orthogonal chirp division multiplexing (OCDM) transmissions in frequency-selective channels. Analysis shows that each of the proposed schemes is able to achieve the mean squared error (MSE) lower bound for channel estimation and has greater spectral efficiency than the existing schemes for OCDM and chirp spread orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM). 

Abstract: Orthogonal chirp division multiplexing (OCDM) is a fairly new multi-carrier modulation scheme that has been proposed for optical fiber communications. It spreads data over an entire band using a set of linear chirps that are mutually orthogonal thus achieving the maximum spectral efficiency. This paper analyzes the performance of OCDM in wireless multi-path channels with narrow band interference (NBI) and in doing so shows that linear minimum mean squared error (MMSE) equalization exhibits an interesting signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) dependent degradation in error performance caused by interference amplification at high SNR. Furthermore, it employs a variant of the MMSE equalizer when the interference energy is known to prevent interference amplification and improve the error performance. 

The transition from fertilized egg to larva in fish is accompanied with various biological processes. We selected seven early developmental stages in channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, for transcriptome analysis, and covered 22,635 genes with 590 million high-quality RNA-sequencing (seq) reads. Differential expression analysis between neighboring developmental timepoints revealed significantly enriched biological categories associated with growth, development and morphogenesis, which was most evident at 2 vs. 5 days post fertilization (dpf) and 5 vs. 6 dpf. A gene co-expression network was constructed using the Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis (WGCNA) approach and four critical modules were identified. Among candidate hub genes, GDF10, FOXA2, HCEA and SYCE3 were involved in head formation, egg development and the transverse central element of synaptonemal complexes. CK1, OAZ2, DARS1 and UBE2V2 were mainly associated with regulation of cell cycle, growth, brain development, differentiation and proliferation of enterocytes. IFI44L and ZIP10 were critical for the regulation of immune activity and ion transport. Additionally, TCK1 and TGFB1 were related to phosphate transport and regulating cell proliferation. All these genes play vital roles in embryogenesis and regulation of early development. These results serve as a rich dataset for functional genomic studies. Our work reveals new insights of the underlying mechanisms in channel catfish early development. 

Tra catfish ( Pangasianodon hypophthalmus ), also known as striped catfish, is a facultative air-breather that uses its swim bladder as an air-breathing organ (ABO). A related species in the same order (Siluriformes), channel catfish ( Ictalurus punctatus ), does not possess an ABO and thus cannot breathe in the air. Tra and channel catfish serve as great comparative models for investigating possible genetic underpinnings of aquatic to land transitions, as well as for understanding genes that are crucial for the development of the swim bladder and the function of air-breathing in tra catfish. In this study, hypoxia challenge and microtomy experiments collectively revealed critical time points for the development of the air-breathing function and swim bladder in tra catfish. Seven developmental stages in tra catfish were selected for RNA-seq analysis based on their transition to a stage that could live at 0 ppm oxygen. More than 587 million sequencing clean reads were generated, and a total of 21,448 unique genes were detected. A comparative genomic analysis between channel catfish and tra catfish revealed 76 genes that were present in tra catfish, but absent from channel catfish. In order to further narrow down the list of these candidate genes, gene expression analysis was performed for these tra catfish-specific genes. Fourteen genes were inferred to be important for air-breathing. Of these, HRG , GRP , and CX3CL1 were identified to be the most likely genes related to air-breathing ability in tra catfish. This study provides a foundational data resource for functional genomic studies in air-breathing function in tra catfish and sheds light on the adaptation of aquatic organisms to the terrestrial environment.